LIST OF THESIS TOPIC FOR ARCHITECTURE

• Advanced Trauma Centre and Hospital,
• Aquanarium-Aqua display and Research Centre,
• Mass Rapid Transit System (MTRS) Study and Station,
• Institute and Studios for Gaming and Animation,
• Multimedia Film City,
• Centre of Excellence for Lighting,
• Waterfront Development – Beach Convention and Exhibition Centre,
• Integrated Transportional Node,
• Architecture for Hills: A Site Responsive Settlement.
• Forest Research and Training Institute,
• Urban Entertainment Centre,
• Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre,
• Aqua Marine Park,
• Archeological Survey of – Research and Training Institute
• Low Cost Housing,
• Drug De-addiction and Rehabilitation Centre,
• Automobile Research and Training Institute,
• Fashion Technology Park,
• Tribal Heritage Museum,
• Convention Centre,
• Houses -A Study in Contrast,
• Digital Morphogenesis and Its Implementation in Fairlie Center,
• School of Art, Design and Technology,
• Centre for Art, Culture and Tourism Promotion,
• Museum of Modern Art,
• Bus Terminal Cum Commercial Complex,
• Aurofilm - Film and Research Institute,
• Galleria Mall,
• International Cruise terminal,
• Bio-climatic Tower,
• Luxury Sea-front Apartments,
• Varnaparichay – The Book Mall,
• Orientation Center and eco tourism,
• Reviving Community: Changing lives Urban Renewal,
• Resort,
• Cricket Stadium,
• MRCI Center,
• School for Rural Children,
• Media Center,
• Polo Retreat- Relax and Rejuvenate,
• Institute for Disaster Management,
• Anna Ashram: Spectrum of Anna Ideologies,
• City Library,
• Film & Television Institue,
• Auto Mobile Museum
• Institute For Interprene,urship and Technology,
• Cricket Stadium,
• MRCI Center,
• School for Rural Children,
• Media Center,
• Polo Retreat- Relax and Rejuvenate,
• Institute for Disaster Management,
• Anna Ashram: Spectrum of Anna Ideologies,
• City Library,
• Film & Television Institue,
• Auto Mobile Museum,
• Institute For Interpreneurship and Technology,

read also   Architecture thesis topic categiry wise

LIST OF THESIS TOPIC TAKEN IN INDIA - part 1

LIST OF THESIS TOPIC TAKEN IN INDIA - part 2

LIST OF THESIS TOPIC TAKEN IN INDIA - part 3

TIPS FOR A GOOD PORTFOLIO

TIPS FOR A GOOD PORTFOLIO

OK.  As usual, everyone is going to have a different style and way of doing things, but this is my opinion of how to make a good portfolio: 

THE ELEMENTS: 

Audience 

Size 

Cover 

Table of Contents

Sections/Chapters 

Quotes 

Content 

Theme 

Binding 

Each portfolio you make should include or consider each of these categories.   

Let’s get started. 

AUDIENCE: 

There are many different reasons to make a portfolio.  Some of us are making portfolios to get into a graduate program, some are trying to get a job in the field after graduating, while others may just want to make one for themselves to reflect on the work they have done over time.  Each audience will be looking for something slightly different.  If you are trying to get into a program fresh out of high school, then you want to show a variety of work letting the audience know that you are versatile and have a wide range of skills.  If you are going to get a job as a graphic designer, for example, you want to put in work that will show qualities specific to graphic design.  Some firms will only want to see final work, while others are more interested in process.  Either way, it is important to know your audience while selecting your content. 

SIZE:

The time has come to physically create your portfolio and you don’t know where to begin.  I always start with determining the size of the portfolio.  Pick a size that is comfortable to hold in your hand.  Take consideration into the care of making while selecting the size of the book.  People will be holding it, turning pages, and sliding it across desks for other people to catch.  You want a book-size that will accommodate it’s user.   Look at books you own, or can find in the library to see how they feel in the hand.  Use this experience to make a good decision on the size of your portfolio.  

SIDE NOTE: Some institutions require a certain size portfolio submission, so you might want to be aware of that.  I never care, I always make my portfolio the size I want, I just make sure the content backs up my rebel ways, but I digress. 

COVER: 

The cover is important, because it is the first impression of your portfolio.  For some people, if the cover is bad enough, they won’t even open it up to look at the content.  Usually for me, I make the cover last.  I like for the cover to mimic the theme of the entire portfolio and have some type of meaning.  You can make the cover at any time within the process of the portfolio, but make sure that it is appealing and has your name on it. 

THEME: 

The theme is important within the overall design of the portfolio.  Your theme will help bring everything together.  My first portfolio used a line that ran across the bottom of the page creating a boundary edge, and gave me something to work with along with the content.   The theme can also bring hierarchy to the entire layout.  Each spread should have a definite sense of hierarchy, which is basically a specific importance to each page.  I made a portfolio once where all of the content was thrown on the page equally.  I had too much content and not enough negative space, and the outcome was a clutter of images due to a lack of negative space and hierarchy.  So make sure to let the images breathe.  Remember, each page should look like it came from the same portfolio.

TABLE OF CONTENT: 

A table of content is not mandatory, but is a good idea to provide a source of navigation through your work.  Don’t try to get fancy with the table of content either.  You want the work to be straight forward and very easy to find.  You can be creative in the text, color, and overall design of the contents page, but do not allow the design to destroy the function. This can also be made at any point in the portfolio making process.  I usually do it after collecting and arranging the content. 

SECTIONS/CHAPTERS 

Unless the portfolio is specific to one type of design element, every portfolio should be broken into chapters.  In my first portfolio to make it into my architecture program, I had 5 chapters: 

Chapter 1: Intro to Architectural Design + Graphics Project 1 

Chapter 2: Intro to Architectural Design + Graphics Project 2 

Chapter 3: Architectural Diagramming 

Chapter 4: Basic Design 

Chapter 5: Photography 

Collectively, these chapters were able to showcase my skills in graphics, model making, sketching, diagramming, painting, and photography.

This is just an example, so make sure that when you choose your chapters they showcase your work in a way that will let others know what skills you have developed over time.  Also, You do not have to physically call them “chapters”, but there should be some way to distinguish each section.  This can be done in a number of ways, get creative. 

QUOTES: 

Quotes are a great way of introducing yourself.  I happen to be a big fan of quotes, so if you don’t like them, don’t use them, but I believe a single quote in a portfolio can give people insight into your personality.  A quote can let the audience know more about you without saying anything directly about yourself at all.  The first quote I ever put in a portfolio was by Louis Kahn. 

“design is not making beauty, beauty emerges from selection, affinities, integration, and love” - Louis Kahn 

CONTENT: 

How do I know what to put in my portfolio? 

The content is the most important attribute of your portfolio, so you should only put in your BEST work.  After you gather all of your content, go through it and pick the best of it all to make the portfolio.  It is good to keep the other work in case you have a blank spot you need to fill when you’re done, but overall you want the content to be as powerful as possible.  It is better to have a smaller portfolio containing your best content, than a huge portfolio and only half of it is impressive. 

BINDING: 

Once you finish everything, you will need to bind the portfolio to make it a book.  There are literally thousands of ways you can do this, but they can be broken into two categories:  Bound by Hand or Bound by Machine. 

Bound by Hand 

Portfolios bound by hand take more time, but also show your craftsmanship as a designer of something physical.  My first portfolio to make it into the architecture program was made by hand, and this helped because we make a lot of models by hand in the program and I knew this would matter to the professors.  I am not sure the credentials of your program for interior architecture, so this may not matter as much.  It will vary per program. 

Bound by Machine 

This is the most common way to bind a portfolio, and is a faster/safer approach.  The best way to get it bound mechanically is to send your files to Blurb and have them make it into a real book.  The quality is undeniably the best I have seen, however, this requires proper planning because Blurb takes a while to send the book to you.  In this case, you can just as easily take it to Kinko’s, Staples, or any local print-shop to have it bound.   My second portfolio was a simple spiral bind from Kinkos and it worked out alright.  So the options are completely up to you. This is the basic break down of making a portfolio.  If you have any other questions, I am always here to help!  Good luck with everything and when you finish the portfolio post it to the interwebs.

to know more 

Know How to Set Up An Intro Portfolio

Know How to Set Up An Intro Portfolio

Know How to Set Up An Intro Portfolio

It is time for you to start thinking about submitting a portfolio to get into architecture school, but you have NO IDEA what to do!!

Don’t Panic.  just see here

There are many different ways to make a portfolio, and I have already written about portfolios before in earlier posts, but I always like giving the same information in different ways, just in case you didn't catch it the first time. ;)  Keep in mind that there are many different ways to create a good portfolio, but if you need some help getting started this will be a great place to start!

Before we get started I would just like to say that you should schedule plenty of time to design and complete your portfolio.  Just to give you some perspective, your time frame from start to finish should take you anywhere from 3 to 6 months.  

With that being said, if you thought you were going to just throw this portfolio together in a week, this post will be pretty overwhelming.  So make sure you give yourself plenty of time. Rome wasn’t built in a day, and your portfolio won’t be either.

WHERE TO BEGIN: The Process

:::: STEP ONE: Completion & Organization ::::

- Before you start developing your portfolio make sure all of your materials and projects are completed.  If all of your projects are complete, you can focus on pulling together a stronger, more professional portfolio.

- Take pictures of all of your models and constructs.  (There are many different ways to photograph your models, and that is a whole other can of worms I will write about in another tip, but make sure that you use a solid background with a sheet or some foam board to minimize the editing process in Photoshop or Lightroom later.)

- Get your images together.  Go on your computer and make a master folder of all of your work including sub-folders for each class/project. (This includes the pictures of your models as well as the digital work.)

- Some people will have work from classes, some will have personal work, some will have work from group projects; as long as it is your work, it is all good to organize and get ready for the ‘selection process’.

- Once you have everything organized, go through and pick out your BEST work.  I usually make a folder called ‘BEST’ within each project folder to place my best work.  Make sure to add a good variety of work that showcases multiple skills.  (Different drawing mediums/styles, models, a quilt you made one time by hand out of your grandmas old t-shirts, and more.  In the end, this portfolio will be a reflection of yourself.   

- Make a course list of the projects you want to include in your portfolio.  Lay everything out by project.

:::: STEP TWO: Picking a Size & Theme ::::

- Pick a Size.

- No seriously, pick a size.  Selecting the dimensions of your portfolio is one of the hardest things to do, but if you select your size early on, you will have a canvas to work within and it will make everything easier.  Some schools require an 8.5”X11” portfolio, but if your portfolio is bad ass enough, it doesn't matter.  I used to always make my portfolios landscape @ 7.5”X6.5”, but over time I have been using a 7”X7” square.  Really just look at your work and decide what size would showcase it the best.  

- As a side note, remember that people will be holding this in their hands.  You want it to be a size that is comfortable and manageable. Make reading through your portfolio something that feels good physically as well as visually.

- Pick a theme/layout: Honestly, going online and looking at portfolios is one of the best ways to get inspiration for your theme. You can also look at magazines, but portfolios will really help put things into perspective for you.

:::: STEP THREE: Table of Content ::::

- Your cover design will most likely come much later in the design process, but mapping out your ‘Table of Content’ in the beginning will help guide you through the sections of your new book.  It does not have to be finalized, in fact, it WILL change as you develop your portfolio, but having a guideline as you put your work together is very helpful.

** Remember, showcase ONLY your best work.  You need to catch attention quickly and there is a lot of competition out there.  In the first round of portfolio evaluations, the professors spend an average of 30 seconds looking through each portfolio to narrow them down.  Usually programs have a limited acceptance roster and you gotta make it into one of those spots!

** It is better to have a smaller amount of your best work than a huge/thick portfolio of everything you have ever done.  Imagine the sequence of your portfolio as a bridge: the beginning and end must be the strongest while the middle is filled with the remaining solid pieces of work.

:::: STEP FOUR: Content & Software ::::

- The portfolio and design of the entire book is up to you.  Make sure that whatever you do, it all reads as one holistic package and make sure the work is displayed very clean and straightforward.  Don’t try to get fancy with the graphic design, they want to see your work above all else.

- Before you begin with editing on the computer, navigate your way through the Adobe Software. Simply jumping into this expansive tool may become overwhelming, and it may take some time to learn how to utilize all of the features. If you need help, grab someone from your school or even a friend who is familiar with the software to assist you.

- It is good to know how to use Adobe Photoshop and Adobe In Design.

- Adobe Photoshop :: This program allows you to basically do all of your editing.  Cropping photos and creating layers are very important to working with your design.  Also, remember to set up your colorspace as CMYK, not RGB.  You are going to print these files out later and this will ensure a higher quality when printing.

- Adobe In Design :: This program is great for creating multi-page documents and will allow you to piece together all your spreads into one professional package. (Plus it exports your document very easily into one large . PD F file for printing and sharing.)

- If you are having trouble with these programs, use your sketchbook or graph paper to sketch and map out page layouts and outlines.  This can also save time to compare multiple ideas for layouts and sequencing.

- DON’T GET DISCOURAGED!!  If these programs are new to you they can be very difficult to use at first.  Honestly, trial and error is the best way to achieve the quickest results, so don’t feel frustrated when go through many different drafts.

- For more tips on content, read my earlier post HERE.

:::: STEP FIVE: Finalizing ::::

- As you begin to finalize your portfolio, seek outside opinions from anyone and everyone. Someone else’s eye may catch something that you missed and could lead you in a better direction.  (But be careful not to take too many ideas at one time, sift through the criticism and make sure your portfolio stays clean and within YOUR theme.)

- Use minimal text in your portfolio. If your visual work clearly defines your decisions, text may not even be necessary. With text, less is more. (However, If there is a text requirement, make sure to follow it.)

- With the text you do use, make sure it is grammatically correct and free of errors. Such errors can lead the wrong impression and negatively impact how you are seen as a student.

- As your portfolio progresses, take a step back to review your work. What are you missing? What needs to be modified? Make a checklist to make sure you don’t miss anything as you finalize your work and don’t be afraid to also remove things if they are getting in the way.

- Your portfolio should be consistent!  Consistency is a very powerful tool in describing your work.  Colors, placement of text, image scale, and theme attributes all play a role in the consistency of your work.

- Your portfolio should be readable and easy to understand.  If an individual with no knowledge of architecture can follow your work, then you going in the right direction. (The Grandma Effect)

- Don’t be afraid of contributing creative work other than design projects.  Personal artwork, photography, and sketches define you as more than just an architectural design student.

:::: Stepping away from the design of the portfolio, here are some Portfolio Logistics that you might find helpful ::::

:::: SUPPLIES ::::

Computer - 500$ and up 

Printer/Scanner - $100-$200 

Digital Camera - 100$ and up

Adobe Creative Suite (student edition) - See if your friends have it!!

Printing Expenses approx. - $100-$200

All of the above will help you tremendously in creating your portfolio, and even though these are not required, and may seem expensive, the benefit you will gain from utilizing these supplies will justify the savings and sacrifices needed to purchase each.  (If you do not have access to these items, check your school computer lab or public library for rentals.)

:::: SUBMITTING ::::

When submitting your applications, be sure to pay attention to every detail, specifically in each of the requirements and deadlines with each. Applications, deadlines, transcripts, etc.. are all just as important to ensure that there is no bumps in the road.

Most universities require:

- Three letters of recommendation

- Transcripts

- Standardized test scores

- A letter of intent

- A portfolio of works

Some may require more, some less, but it is up to you to look at the requirements of the schools you apply to.

* Don’t limit your options! Apply to more than two schools as architecture programs are very competitive.

:::: FINAL NOTE ::::

The most important thing that I can tell you is simply show your process. This is the most important thing they are looking for in your work.  When you are given a project it is a problem, your process shows the steps you made to find a solution. This is one of the reasons architecture school is so demanding; it takes a lot of trial and error to find solutions to each problem through your design process.  Sometimes this takes multiple variations of the same model or drawing before you even get to a final design, but with this struggle, you clearly show why your final design looks like it does.  When you have a project, there is a visual story line that shows how you got from point A to point B, and your process is the narrator.  If it is easy to see the decisions you made in your design process, then you’re doing something right. :)

Remember, anything worth doing isn't easy.  Be prepared to make many sacrifices.  A lot of long days will turn into long nights and then into long weeks.  It is worth it I assure you, but the option to work at this is up to you and only you.  It is one of the most competitive majors you will ever find, but worth every penny, every minute, hour, day, week and year you commit to achieving your goal.  Don’t be afraid to ask for help and certainly remember to manage your time correctly with everything you do.  Don’t forget to schedule in time for making mistakes either. Mistakes are all a part of the learning process, but take up much more time than if you did everything correct the first time.  It can be quite stressful, but know that mistakes are good if you learn from them, and the stress can be relieved if you schedule that time to fail.

For the sake of giving you some ‘warm-fuzzies’, I wish you all the best of luck as you put your portfolio together, but remember that there is no such thing as luck.

Luck is when preparation meets opportunity, so prepare yourself accordingly, and when opportunity strikes, you will succeed.

…and don’t worry there will be plenty of time to sleep when you turn this thing in!!

Cheers!  :)

to know more

TIPS FOR A GOOD PORTFOLIO

Architectural Design Competition- A One Stage Design Ideas Competition

Architectural Design Competition- A One Stage Design Ideas Competition

The Design Competition will be held in two Categories: (Open for Nepalese Participants Only) 

1. Student Category 

 2. Professional Category 

                                  Theme of the design competition will be “Universal Design” - Public Toilet for All Objective: The aim of this design competition is to educate students and the professionals on the diverse needs of today’s society, to develop a comprehensive understanding on the issues relating to Universal Design and Accessibility, and to encourage and sensitize the professional Architects to be more socially responsible in addressing and implementing accessibility with their professional knowledge, skill sets and creativity. The outcome of the design competition will help to create a National Standard in providing accessible toilets for all in Nepal. 

              The design entries from the 10 winning finalists in each category will be displayed as part of an awareness campaign during and after the events. Top five winners will be awarded with The Certificate and Prize Money at the end of the Half-day Symposium on Architecture and Social Responsibility in Kathmandu, Nepal scheduled for 10th October 2013 THE HOST ORGANIZATION: The Design Competition is organized by ARCASIA Committee on Social Responsibility (ACSR) and will be facilitate by SONA (Society of Nepalese Architects) with the close co-ordination of DPOs and its leaders in Nepal. 

ELIGIBILITY: 1.

                         Student Category Teams consisting of a maximum of two students enrolled in a degree-granting college of architecture or university in Nepal are invited to participate in student category. 2. Professional Category Any architectural firms or individual architects practicing in the construction industry and recognized by any of professional organization such as SONA, NEA, NEC or any authorized government body in Nepal, are eligible to participate in the Competition. 

                     THE PARTICIPANTS: 1. The eligible participants are people who have completed all registration processes and are assigned a Registration Number in Nepal. 2. The Registration should be done on behalf of participants’ name and should be able to be responsible for their design. 

THE REGISTRATION PROCESS:

                     1. The Registration is FREE OF CHARGE!

      2. Please obtained the Registration Form and basic design criteria (TOR) at kcdeepak2003@yahoo.com or download it from http://www.nyis.org/ or www. arcasianepal2013.com and return the registration form to: kcdeepak2003@yahoo.com 

                  3. Registration is the initial requirement to enter this Competition and a Registration Number will be assigned to each Applicant upon successful registration.

                   4. Registration close on: 30th August 2013, Midnight (Nepal time) 

              5. Submission Deadline: September 7th, 2013 midnight (Nepal time) (NO LATE SUBMISSIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED) Awards Presentation Ceremony: The Certificate and Prize Money will be presented to the Competition Winners at the end of the Half-day Symposium on Architecture and Social Responsibility in Kathmandu, Nepal scheduled for 10th October 2013 

 PRIZES: 

                Total Prize Money Rs 230,000/- (Two Lakhas Thirty Thousands Only). 

 Professional Categories: • 1st Prize: Rs 50,000/- 

                                        • 2nd Prize: Rs 40,000/- 

                                       • 3rd Prize: Rs 30,000/ 

                                       • 4th Prize: Rs 15,000/- 

                                       • 5th Prize: Rs 15,000/- 

 Student Categories: 

                                 • 1st Prize: Rs 25,000/- 

                                 • 2nd Prize: Rs 20,000/- 

                                 • 3rd Prize: Rs 15,000/- 

                                 • 4th Prize: Rs 10,000/-

                                 • 5th Prize: Rs 10,000/-. 

JURORS • Ar. Tan Pei Ing (President of ARCASIA) 

• Ar. Swarup Gurung Koney (President of SONA) 

• Ar. Joseph Kwan (ACSR Chair/ Universal Design and Access Expert) 

• Ar. Kishor Thapa (Secretary of the Ministry of Urban Development) 

• Miss. Amrita Gyawali (Disability Right Activist/Leader) 

Question Deadline: August 15th, 2013.

 All enquiries and questions should be sent by email to kcdeepak2003@yahoo.com or you can contact Mr. Deepak K.C directly at: 98 4135 3080

Creating the 21st Century Facade

Metals in Construction 2012 Facades Conference

Thursday, February 16th 2012, 8am - 5pm

McGraw-Hill Auditorium, New York, NY

Advanced fabrication technology has unfolded exciting architectural opportunities.

What was once thought impossible is now reality. Together with innovations in materials, it has enabled new facade solutions where design and function come together in almost limitless ways. Now more than ever, collaboration between architect and fabricator empowers each to stretch their imagination, creating challenging projects that are inspiring the next era of designs.

The METALS IN CONSTRUCTION 2012 FACADES CONFERENCE brings together leading designers and fabricators to explore this collaboration through case studies of recent work and roundtable discussions. Presented by the Ornamental Metal Institute of New York and The Architect’s Newspaper, this one-day event is the first in a series of conferences created to help designers and builders understand the ways in which technology can transform design aspirations into reality. From using BIM for communicating effectively with fabricators, to examining new resources for curtain wall design, the conference offers an unprecedented opportunity to survey the possibilities of designing with metals in the digital age. (From The Architect's Newspaper advertisement)

Key note speaker: PATRIK SCHUMACHER director Zaha Hadid Architects

किन छ भूकम्पीय जोखिम नेपालमा

किन छ भूकम्पीय जोखिम नेपालमा ?
BY:- सुमन पनेरू (066/BAE/240)


अग्लो घर बनाएर अरूको होचा घरलाई खिज्याउनुमा गर्व गर्ने सामन्ती संस्कृति छ हाम्रोमा । अग्लो घर स्वतः भूकम्पीय जोखिममा रहन्छ । लगानी बढ्ने डरमा पनि मान्छेले भूकम्प प्रतिरोधात्मक घर बनाएका छैनन् । त्यसको परिणाम घातक हुने निश्चित छ ।


पछिल्लोपटक जापानमा गएको भूकम्प र त्यसका परिणाम मिडियाबाट थाहा पाएपछि पहिले-पहिले जस्तै धेरै ठाउँमा प्रतिक्रियात्मक चर्चा सुन्न पाइएको छ । 'भूकम्पले फलानो सहरमा यति मर्लान् उति मर्लान् । यसो होला, उसो होला' आदि । भूपि शेरचनको 'यो हल्लै हल्लाको देश हो' कविताको सान्दर्भिकता नेपालमा आज पनि उत्तिकै छ । कहिल्यै कसैले पूर्वानुमान गर्न नसक्ने भूकम्पबारे, अनेक ज्योतिष र बाबाको हवाला दिँदै वेलावेला फलानो दिन र समयमा भूकम्प आउँदै छ भन्ने हल्ला पनि सुनिने गर्छ । जे भए पनि आखिर भूकम्प एक प्राकृतिक प्रतिक्रिया हो जुन कुनै न कुनै समयमा आउने निश्चित छ । जापानमा भूकम्प र सुनामीले विध्वंश मच्चाएकै समयमा र त्यसपछि पनि क्रमशः रसुवा र कास्कीमा १०, ११ र १२ मार्चमा ४.५ रेक्टर स्केल हाराहारीको भूकम्प आएको रेकर्ड राष्ट्रिय भूकम्प केन्द्रले देखाएको छ । यसको अर्थ हो भूकम्प आई नै रहेको छ । फरक यत्ति हो, कहिले कम रेक्टर स्केलको भूकम्प आउँछ त कहिले धेरै रेक्टर स्केलको । उल्लेख्य कुरो के छ भने भूकम्पको मापनमा एक रेक्टर स्केल मात्रै बढी हुँदा पनि यसको असर सयौँगुणा बढ्ने हुन्छ ।

सबैले जानेकै कुरो हो, अव्यवस्थित र पूर्वयोजनाविना बनाइएका आवास, सडक तथा अन्य भौतिक संरचनाका कारण नेपाल भूकम्पीय उच्च जोखिममा छ । जापानमा ११ मार्चमा गएको भूकम्पको मापन करिब ८.९ रेक्टर स्केलको हाराहारीमा गरिएको छ जब कि नौ दशमलव एक रेक्टर स्केलको भूकम्प, जुन इन्डोनेसियाको सुमात्रा टापुमा २००४ मा गएको थियो, त्यसलाई इतिहासमा अहिलेसम्मकै ठूलो भूकम्प मानिएको छ । यति विशाल भूकम्प एसिया महादेशमै गएको छ । अनि हामी ती देशनिकट छौँ र भूकम्पविद्ले पनि बारम्बार नेपालमा भूकम्पको उच्च जोखिम भएको बताइरहेका छन् । भूकम्पबाट बच्न पूर्वतयारीका सबै योजनासहित बसेको जापानजस्तो राष्ट्रले समेत अहिलेको भूकम्प, सुनामी र त्यसले गरेको विनाशबाट मुक्ति पाउन अझै धेरै वर्ष कुर्नुपर्ने जस्तो देखिन्छ भने हाम्रो जस्तो देशमा भूकम्पपछिको हालत के होला ? सहजै अनुमान गर्न सकिन्छ । नेपाल भूकम्पको उच्च जोखिममा पर्नाका कारणलाई निम्नानुसार केलाउन सकिन्छ ः

भूकम्प प्रतिरोधात्मक क्षमताका भवन निर्माणमा चासो नदिनु ः मान्छेलाई घर बनाउन पाए भो । भोलि भूकम्पलगायतका प्राकृतिक प्रकोप आउँदा घरमा आफू र आफ्नो परिवार कसरी सुरक्षित हुन सकिन्छ भन्ने कुरो घर बनाउनुपुर्व कमैले सोचेका छन् । अग्लो घर बनाएर अरूको होचा घरलाई खिज्याउनुमा गर्व गर्ने सामन्ती संस्कृति छ हाम्रोमा । अग्लो घर स्वतः भूकम्पीय जोखिममा रहन्छ । लगानी बढ्ने डरमा पनि मान्छेले भूकम्प प्रतिरोधात्मक घर बनाएका छैनन् । त्यसको परिणाम घातक हुने निश्चित छ ।

सहरको 'मास्टर प्लान' नहुनु ः 'मास्टर प्लान' विना निर्माण गरिएका हाम्रा सहरमा खुला ठाउँको अभाव छ । हचुवाका भरमा पुल, सडक र ढलको निर्माण भएको छ । काठमाडौं उपत्यका मन्दिरहरूको सहरबाट अब कंक्रिटको जंगलमा रूपान्तरित भएको छ । जनसंख्याको अनुपातमा हस्पिटल, खानेपानी र विद्युत्को वितरण सम्भव भएको छैन । फराकिला सडक तथा खुला ठाउँ नहुँदा भूकम्प आयो भने भाग्ने ठाउँ त परै जाओस् उद्धारका लागि सडकमार्गबाट एम्बुलेन्स, डोजर, दमकल र सुरक्षाकर्मीका गाडी हिँड्ने ठाउँ पनि छैन उपत्यकामा ।

अनुगमन नहुनु र कडाइसाथ आचारसंहिता लागू नहुनु ः नगरपालिकामा भवन निर्माण गर्दा स्वीकृति लिनुपर्ने व्यवस्था छ । तर, भवन निर्माण आचारसंहिता कडाइसाथ लागू हुन नसक्दा तथा स्वीकृत भवनहरूको अनुगमन नहुँदा तथा अनुमन गर्ने निकायमा दक्ष जनशक्तिको अभाव हुँदा कमजोर संरचना बनेका छन् ।

विनापूर्वाधार गगनचुम्बी भवनको निर्माण ः विकसित मुलुकको नक्कल गर्दै नेपालमा अहिले गगनचुम्बी भवन निर्माणको होड चलेको छ । तर, के ती भवन सुरक्षित छन् ? उपत्यकाको हकमा सरकारी निकायसँग तीन तलासम्मको भवनमा मात्र आगो निभाउन सक्ने क्षमताका सीमित दमकल भएका अवस्थामा त्यस्ता अग्ला भवनमा आगलागी भइहाले कसरी उद्धार गर्ने ?

पहाड र अग्ला स्थान काटेर तथा खोँच भरेर घर बनाइनु ः पछिल्ला केही वर्षमा 'रियल स्टेट' तथा 'हाउजिङ' को भाउ बढ्नाले जहाँसुकै पनि प्लटिङ हुने काम भयो । अग्ला स्थान खारेर तथा गहिरा खोँच र खाल्डो भरेर घडेरी बनाउने काम भयो । फिलिङ -माटो अथवा ढुंगा भरेर सम्याइएको स्थान) मा जग बनाउँदा त्यसले घर असन्तुलित बन्न जान्छ र सानोतिनो कम्पनले पनि ढल्ने सम्भावना रहन्छ ।

पुराना भवनलाई विस्थापन अथवा पुनर्निर्माण नगरिनु ः उपत्यकाको असन, इन्द्रचोक, पाटनजस्ता पुराना र ऐतिहासिक सहरका पुराना संरचना वर्षौँदेखि यथावत् छन् । सांस्कृतिक र परम्परागत महत्त्व भए पनि भूकम्प आइहालेमा ती भवनले थेग्न सक्दैनन् । भूकम्प आएमा तिनै पुराना संरचनाका कारण धेरै मानवीय क्षति हुन सक्छ ।

कंक्रिटलाई मात्र निर्माण सामग्री ठान्नु ः मात्रै आधा शतकअघिसम्म ढुंगा, माटो र काठपातमा आधारित नेपालको निर्माण जगत अहिले कंक्रिटमा आएर जकडिएको छ । हामीले सिमेन्ट, रड, बालुवा, रोडा र इँटालाई मात्रै निर्माण सामग्रीका रूपमा बुझेका छौँ, जुन पूर्णतः गलत हो । स्थानीय रूपमै उपलब्ध र खतरारहित सामग्रीको प्रयोग गरेर पनि भवनलगायतका संरचना बन्न सक्छन् । जस्तो कि काठ, बाँस, खर, माटो, ढुंगा आदिको प्रयोगबाट पनि अति सुन्दर र अत्याधुनिक भवन बनाउन सकिन्छ ।

भूकम्पपछिको अवस्थाबारे पूर्वतयारी नहुनु ः हामीलाई भूकम्प नआइदियोस् भन्ने मात्रै छ । तर, हामीले आफ्नै निवास र कार्यालयमा त्यसको पूर्वतयारी गरेका छैनौँ । भूकम्प गइसकेपछि पेट्रोल बगेर तथा ग्यासका सिलिन्डर विस्फोट भएर अथवा पाइप फुटेर भवनमा आगो लाग्ने सम्भावना हुन्छ । यदि मोबाइल, रेडियो तथा पूर्ण चार्ज गरिएका इमर्जेन्सी लाइट तथा पानीका बलिया बोतल साथमै हुने हो भने भूकम्पपछिको अवस्थामा बाँच्न सहज हुन्छ भन्ने कुराको ज्ञान सबैलाई छैन ।

निचोडमा के भन्न सकिन्छ भने भूकम्प अकाट्य प्राकृतिक प्रकोप हो जसको पूर्वनिदान छैन । भूकम्पका परिणामलाई न्यूनीकरण मात्रै गर्न सकिने हो । यसका लागि संरचना बनाउँदा ध्यान दिनुका साथै पूर्वतयारी अवस्थामा रहनुपर्ने कुरा महत्त्वपूर्ण हुन्छ । यसका लागि कडाइसाथ भवन निर्माण आचारसंहिता लागू गर्ने, जनतामा भूकम्पीय चेतना र जागरण फैलाउने र उद्धार तथा व्यवस्थापनको पूर्वतयारी गरिनु आवश्यक छ।

Published in Naya Patrika on 2068/01/28

if you like this article you can contact to him by E-MAIL